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"text": "The phenomenon is primarily governed by **Rayleigh scattering**, which occurs when electromagnetic radiation interacts with particles that are significantly smaller than the wavelength of the radiation ( \\ll \\lambda$).\n\nIn the Earth's atmosphere, solar radiation scatters off nitrogen ($) and oxygen ($) molecules, effectively acting as electric dipoles. The scattering cross-section $\\sigma$ is inversely proportional to the fourth power of the wavelength ($\\sigma \\propto \\lambda^{-4}$). Consequently, shorter wavelengths in the visible spectrum—blue and violet—are scattered much more efficiently than longer wavelengths like red.\n\nAlthough the solar spectrum decreases in intensity towards the violet end and the atmosphere absorbs some UV, the sky appears blue rather than violet primarily due to **human ocular physiology**. The human eye's trichromatic response (specifically the sensitivity curves of the cone cells) integrates the spectral power distribution in a way that our brain perceives as a distinct, unsaturated blue.",
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"created_at": "2025-12-27T15:32:25",
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"text": "now explain this like a grad student",
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